It is imperative to clip your cat’s claws on a regular basis. When this isn’t done, a cat’s claws can grow into its paw pads, which may result in pain and infection. A veterinarian will be happy to show you how to properly trim a cat’s nails in a way that will not harm the animal. While many people choose to have their cats declawed, this is not the only way to eliminate its scratching. It can also be very painful for the pet. Felines can be trained to scratch only in designated areas, such as a well-designed post.
cat owners should do as much research as possible regarding the proper care of cats. They should also own at least one book or pamphlet on emergency first aid. By familiarizing yourself with emergency procedures, you could possibly save your cat’s life. Do not attempt to treat your cat with any medications, like aspirin, ibuprofen or suphedrine. Many medicines intended for humans can be poisonous to cats.
Dogs may be a man’s best friend, but many animal lovers adore keeping cats as pets because of the animal’s warm yet independent spirit. There are steps that you can take to keep your pet healthy and to avoid any issues or concerns. By using a combination of care, prevention and pet health products, you can ensure your cat’s companionship for years to come.
There are two important ways in which you can maintain your cat’s health and happiness. Scheduling annual veterinarian check-ups allow a professional to give special care and attention to your cat. This allows the vet to stay current with the shots and regular exams that felines require. Paying attention to any physical changes in your pet will give you a better idea of your pet’s health. Investing in a few specialized, approved pet health products can also make a significant difference.
Conduct an overall evaluation of your cat when you are petting or sitting with it. Take a quick look at the animal from nose to tail. It is smart to do this on a regular basis and at a set time, your pet will grow accustomed to it and you will not forget its daily check-up. Alert your veterinarian if you discover any potential concerns. Begin with your cat’s head. Are its eyes clear and alert? Are its ears pink and clean? Do the ears give off a pungent smell that seems abnormal? Have bugs appeared as a dark, thick formation inside the cat’s ears? Are its gums pink and teeth healthy, clean and strong? Does tartar reside along the gum line? Has your cat developed unpleasant breath?
Gently feel and inspect your pet’s body for sores, lumps, puffiness, bumps, scratches, parasites or irregularities. Keep an eye out for flea dirt, which is similar in appearance to black pepper and appears red when dampened. Check your cat’s paws, ears and tail.
Feel free to ask your vet any questions that you may have. Don’t be afraid to verify what is and isn’t normal.
Regularly brushing your cat keeps it looking neat and tidy. Rubber brushes remove dead skin cells and loose hair. Combs that are specially designed for a cat help lift fleas and small bugs out of its hair
for:htt://www.pictures-of-cat.com
2008年9月17日星期三
2008年9月5日星期五
Pit Bull Terriers: What Are The Best Dog Toys?
It is important to provide your Pit Bull with toys that are safe for him. Due to the strength and aggression that Pit Bulls naturally have, it is often hard for owners to find suitable toys that are strong enough to hold up to the dog. Many Pit Bulls are also hard to please when it comes to toys, they want just the right size, shape, and texture, or they won’t have anything to do with it. Purchasing toys that are Pit Bull suitable can get expensive, but can often help prevent your Pit Bull from chewing up your belongings.
Many Pit Bull owners prefer a toy called the Galileo Bone. It is produced by Nylabone, and proves to be able to hold up pretty well with the average Pit Bull. AT least, it lasts long enough to kind of make you feel like you have gotten your money’s worth. Nylabone also makes the Crazy Ball, which is also a really tough toy designed for Pit Bulls.
Kong toys can in many different sizes and colors, and many can be stuffed with your Pit Bull’s favorite treats. They have tremendous durability, so are especially great for Pit Bulls that like to chew a lot. Most Pit Bulls will occupy themselves for hours with these toys.
Many companies also produce interactive toys, some of which are tough enough to withstand your Pit Bull. These toys hold his interest with sounds and lights, usually good for a few hours of play before he gets bored with it.
Plush toys are also good for some Pit Bulls, it is important to make sure that you purchase one that doesn’t have small parts that could easily be chewed off and swallowed. These are probably toys that you would want to supervise your Pit Bull playing with, or use them to just play fetch with.
Rope toys can soon become a favorite for you both. They help to clean your Pit Bull’s teeth, and can be great for fetch. They work well for getting you involved in your Pit Bull’s play, as they work great for tug of war matches. It is important to keep in mind when pulling that you need to be careful not to pull too hard, as you may accidentally break one of your Pit Bull’s teeth.
Balls are popular with almost any dog, again the important thing here is to purchase one that is made of material durable enough to hold up to your Pit Bull. Larger balls will probably work better, as they will be harder for him to get in his mouth.
Toys are a necessity for your Pit Bull. Just keep in mind your Pit Bull’s personality and strength, so that you can buy the best toy for him. There are several sites online that sell toys suited for Pit Bulls, or your local pet supply may have them as well.
Many Pit Bull owners prefer a toy called the Galileo Bone. It is produced by Nylabone, and proves to be able to hold up pretty well with the average Pit Bull. AT least, it lasts long enough to kind of make you feel like you have gotten your money’s worth. Nylabone also makes the Crazy Ball, which is also a really tough toy designed for Pit Bulls.
Kong toys can in many different sizes and colors, and many can be stuffed with your Pit Bull’s favorite treats. They have tremendous durability, so are especially great for Pit Bulls that like to chew a lot. Most Pit Bulls will occupy themselves for hours with these toys.
Many companies also produce interactive toys, some of which are tough enough to withstand your Pit Bull. These toys hold his interest with sounds and lights, usually good for a few hours of play before he gets bored with it.
Plush toys are also good for some Pit Bulls, it is important to make sure that you purchase one that doesn’t have small parts that could easily be chewed off and swallowed. These are probably toys that you would want to supervise your Pit Bull playing with, or use them to just play fetch with.
Rope toys can soon become a favorite for you both. They help to clean your Pit Bull’s teeth, and can be great for fetch. They work well for getting you involved in your Pit Bull’s play, as they work great for tug of war matches. It is important to keep in mind when pulling that you need to be careful not to pull too hard, as you may accidentally break one of your Pit Bull’s teeth.
Balls are popular with almost any dog, again the important thing here is to purchase one that is made of material durable enough to hold up to your Pit Bull. Larger balls will probably work better, as they will be harder for him to get in his mouth.
Toys are a necessity for your Pit Bull. Just keep in mind your Pit Bull’s personality and strength, so that you can buy the best toy for him. There are several sites online that sell toys suited for Pit Bulls, or your local pet supply may have them as well.
2008年9月2日星期二
Developing The Bond Between Man And Horse
The relationship between man and horse is an enduring one. But dealing with animals is always easier and more enjoyable when you have empathy and understanding. To be able to relate to horses,you need to understand their pychology, in order to anticipate horses'reactions you have to understand how they think and why they behave in certain ways. A good understanding also builds confidence on both sides-human and equine.
When faced with a threatening situation, the horse's nature is one of flight, and therefore its perspective on life is one of vulnerability rather than attack. As humans, how we react and feel in certain situations depends on our upbrining and experience. It is the same with horses, which is why careful early handling and training are so important.
We can never expect a horse to go against its natural instincts, that is, never to be frightened or wary - but with good training we can control these instincts and show the horse, in a positive way, that a particular situation or object need not be feared.
Horses are gregarious herd animals, welcoming the company of other horses, as well as other creature companions and humans. Even domesticated stable horses establish their own 'pecking order'.
Either the stallion at the end of the row calls loudest when feed time is due or, as many top riders report, their retired star kicks the stable door demanding attention first when what it considers as 'it' rider walks into the stableyard in the morning.
It is widely known the horse responds best to praise and encouragement from its trainer or rider to overcome its natural flight instincts and not be dominated. 'Breakin-in', the term formerly associated with a youg horse's first conditioning to carry a rider, has now commonly been replaced with terms such as 'starting', which infer much less the idea of domination.
From the disabled child fearlessly enjoying the company of ponies as part of therapy to the most successful of international competitive combinations, a common bond - that of trust and empathy between rider and horse - is being developed.
The horse looks at its human contacts as part of its 'herd' in the herd hierarchy,the human rider and trainer's intellectual capacities give him or her the upper hand. This is why the man/horse relationship has worked so well for several thousand years, and humans can control an animal with many times their own strengths and power.
Riders in their early lessons will often be told 'Don't be nervous'. Although at this stage the rider should be learning from an experienced horse and therefore should be able to relax, the fact that horses need reassurance and security is something to bear in mind and cultivate from the start of a riding career.
When faced with a threatening situation, the horse's nature is one of flight, and therefore its perspective on life is one of vulnerability rather than attack. As humans, how we react and feel in certain situations depends on our upbrining and experience. It is the same with horses, which is why careful early handling and training are so important.
We can never expect a horse to go against its natural instincts, that is, never to be frightened or wary - but with good training we can control these instincts and show the horse, in a positive way, that a particular situation or object need not be feared.
Horses are gregarious herd animals, welcoming the company of other horses, as well as other creature companions and humans. Even domesticated stable horses establish their own 'pecking order'.
Either the stallion at the end of the row calls loudest when feed time is due or, as many top riders report, their retired star kicks the stable door demanding attention first when what it considers as 'it' rider walks into the stableyard in the morning.
It is widely known the horse responds best to praise and encouragement from its trainer or rider to overcome its natural flight instincts and not be dominated. 'Breakin-in', the term formerly associated with a youg horse's first conditioning to carry a rider, has now commonly been replaced with terms such as 'starting', which infer much less the idea of domination.
From the disabled child fearlessly enjoying the company of ponies as part of therapy to the most successful of international competitive combinations, a common bond - that of trust and empathy between rider and horse - is being developed.
The horse looks at its human contacts as part of its 'herd' in the herd hierarchy,the human rider and trainer's intellectual capacities give him or her the upper hand. This is why the man/horse relationship has worked so well for several thousand years, and humans can control an animal with many times their own strengths and power.
Riders in their early lessons will often be told 'Don't be nervous'. Although at this stage the rider should be learning from an experienced horse and therefore should be able to relax, the fact that horses need reassurance and security is something to bear in mind and cultivate from the start of a riding career.
2008年8月24日星期日
Pet People Can Pamper Their Pooches
In record numbers, Americans have taken a variety of animals into their homes and hearts. According to various industry sources, over seventy million homes in the U.S. have some kind of pet. This is equal to over sixty percent of all American households. Pet ownership has expanded over the last twenty years up from fifty six percent of American households to over sixty three percent.
In short, Americans are pet people and we are spending more on our animal companions then ever before.
Cats and Dogs Living Together
We love our dogs and they love us in return. Not to be outdone, cats do have the edge when it comes to popularity. It is estimated that Americans own over eighty eight million cats compared to around seventy five million dogs. Though dogs and cats are often thought of as polar opposites when it comes to living together, many households have both dogs and cats. In our house, the dogs more than tolerate their feline roommates, often showing them a great deal of love and affection. In an amusing twist on feline stereotypes, some of our cats actually seek the attention of their canine friends.
Overall, spending on pet care has grown from just over seventeen billion dollars per year in nineteen ninety four, to an estimated forty three billion dollars in two thousand and seven. Of all the money we spend on our animal companions every year, almost eleven billion is spent on veterinary care.
The medical services available for our furry companions have gone beyond just shots and checkups. Diseases and medical conditions such as arthritis, cataracts, obesity, and even cancer, are being treated with state of the art techniques once reserved for humans. Joint replacements, eye surgery, chemotherapy, and joint replacements are available for pets whose owners have the means to pay for and access to those services.
Gourmet Food Goes To the Cats and Dogs
According to industry estimates, Americans will spend close to seventeen billion dollars on food for their furry friends. Part of the rise in spending can be attributed to the higher quality of foods and treats available. The market for natural and gourmet pet foods has grown for several reasons. Concerns about the purity and composition of pet food, more Americans are opting to give their pets the best.
The standards for what the word natural means when it comes to pets is still being debated. Even the standards for natural human food have not been established beyond that claims of the producer. Organic foods, whether for human or animal consumption, have standards that are more clearly defined.
Dapper Dogs and Fashionable Felines
Big names in clothing and other merchandise are offering clothing fashions for our pets. Booties for your beagle and coats for your collie are being sold by clothing labels that previously marketed only to humans. From Labrador lounge jackets to raincoats for a redbone hound, many owners are turning their pets into veritable fashion plates.
A silver bling collar would go unnoticed by my dogs, since they are just happy to be going out. No, the bling would have more to do with my desire to make a fashion statement with my dog. Still, my Cocker Spaniel would look pretty fly in a fashion collar and matching jacket.
The Traveling Tabby
Our pets are also enjoying the rise in the number of pet carriers and joggers on the market. Taking Fido on a bicycle ride has never been easier. Sales of tow behind per carriers for use almost any bike have been growing steadily the last few years.
Though most of us choose to board our pets when going on vacation, traveling with our pets had gotten more convenient. Many hotel chains offer pet friendly accommodations in response to more and more folks taking their pets on the road.
In short, Americans are pet people and we are spending more on our animal companions then ever before.
Cats and Dogs Living Together
We love our dogs and they love us in return. Not to be outdone, cats do have the edge when it comes to popularity. It is estimated that Americans own over eighty eight million cats compared to around seventy five million dogs. Though dogs and cats are often thought of as polar opposites when it comes to living together, many households have both dogs and cats. In our house, the dogs more than tolerate their feline roommates, often showing them a great deal of love and affection. In an amusing twist on feline stereotypes, some of our cats actually seek the attention of their canine friends.
Overall, spending on pet care has grown from just over seventeen billion dollars per year in nineteen ninety four, to an estimated forty three billion dollars in two thousand and seven. Of all the money we spend on our animal companions every year, almost eleven billion is spent on veterinary care.
The medical services available for our furry companions have gone beyond just shots and checkups. Diseases and medical conditions such as arthritis, cataracts, obesity, and even cancer, are being treated with state of the art techniques once reserved for humans. Joint replacements, eye surgery, chemotherapy, and joint replacements are available for pets whose owners have the means to pay for and access to those services.
Gourmet Food Goes To the Cats and Dogs
According to industry estimates, Americans will spend close to seventeen billion dollars on food for their furry friends. Part of the rise in spending can be attributed to the higher quality of foods and treats available. The market for natural and gourmet pet foods has grown for several reasons. Concerns about the purity and composition of pet food, more Americans are opting to give their pets the best.
The standards for what the word natural means when it comes to pets is still being debated. Even the standards for natural human food have not been established beyond that claims of the producer. Organic foods, whether for human or animal consumption, have standards that are more clearly defined.
Dapper Dogs and Fashionable Felines
Big names in clothing and other merchandise are offering clothing fashions for our pets. Booties for your beagle and coats for your collie are being sold by clothing labels that previously marketed only to humans. From Labrador lounge jackets to raincoats for a redbone hound, many owners are turning their pets into veritable fashion plates.
A silver bling collar would go unnoticed by my dogs, since they are just happy to be going out. No, the bling would have more to do with my desire to make a fashion statement with my dog. Still, my Cocker Spaniel would look pretty fly in a fashion collar and matching jacket.
The Traveling Tabby
Our pets are also enjoying the rise in the number of pet carriers and joggers on the market. Taking Fido on a bicycle ride has never been easier. Sales of tow behind per carriers for use almost any bike have been growing steadily the last few years.
Though most of us choose to board our pets when going on vacation, traveling with our pets had gotten more convenient. Many hotel chains offer pet friendly accommodations in response to more and more folks taking their pets on the road.
2008年8月19日星期二
Buying Pet Meds Online
Most everyone has heard that you can buy your pet meds online, but how much do you actually know about this process? Today we have a lot of new technology that makes doing many of the tasks that we have been doing in the past, such as shopping, even easier. You can shop for so many of the things you need and want from the convenience of your home through the amazing internet. Most anything imaginable can be purchased this way, even medication for your pets. Do you know the proper way to place orders for your pet medications online?
Most all pet owners want the best for their pets, which is why like them, you may be nervous about buying something as important as your pet meds from an online store. Learning the facts about buying from online can help show you that it is a very safe option that can save you time and money. You will learn that when you buy from the right online source, you will receive your pet meds and their refills on time each month.
One of the first things that you need to know before you buy your pet meds online is not to buy from just anyplace. You need to buy from a dependable and trustworthy company that will provide you with good quality meds for your beloved pet. Pets are like children as they are considered members of the family for most pet owners, which is why you need to buy from a good company you can trust.
The most common pet meds found online are those non-prescription items that you need to use on a regular basis, particularly for cats and dogs such as flea and tick meds or heartworm medication. The internet might not always be the best place to get prescription meds that your pet needs in a hurry or they may not be available online and you may still need to go to your local vet or pharmacy for these. However, the Internet is a great way to save money on the regular medications you need for your pets.
Just make sure that you always remember to check out the sources you are buying from when ordering pet meds online. Know who you are buying from and what you are buying. If you have any doubts about a product, don't allow you pet to use it. There are some great online sources from which you can find your pet meds cheaper and fast. For pet lovers everywhere, have fun shopping!
Most all pet owners want the best for their pets, which is why like them, you may be nervous about buying something as important as your pet meds from an online store. Learning the facts about buying from online can help show you that it is a very safe option that can save you time and money. You will learn that when you buy from the right online source, you will receive your pet meds and their refills on time each month.
One of the first things that you need to know before you buy your pet meds online is not to buy from just anyplace. You need to buy from a dependable and trustworthy company that will provide you with good quality meds for your beloved pet. Pets are like children as they are considered members of the family for most pet owners, which is why you need to buy from a good company you can trust.
The most common pet meds found online are those non-prescription items that you need to use on a regular basis, particularly for cats and dogs such as flea and tick meds or heartworm medication. The internet might not always be the best place to get prescription meds that your pet needs in a hurry or they may not be available online and you may still need to go to your local vet or pharmacy for these. However, the Internet is a great way to save money on the regular medications you need for your pets.
Just make sure that you always remember to check out the sources you are buying from when ordering pet meds online. Know who you are buying from and what you are buying. If you have any doubts about a product, don't allow you pet to use it. There are some great online sources from which you can find your pet meds cheaper and fast. For pet lovers everywhere, have fun shopping!
2008年8月12日星期二
Can I Give My Dog The Flu?
Avian Flu and Other Zoonotic Diseases
Everyone seems on edge about the latest outbreak of avian flu. People in China are told to kill their poultry in order to keep the virus from spreading. Meanwhile people in the United States watch on in fear that the avian flu will come to their shores. So what exactly is all the hubbub about? After all, every winter millions of people come down with bird flu.
Origin of Influenza
Influenza, the term, came into use around 1504, though it had little to do with the virus. It came from the word: influence. At the time, influence meant: “the ethereal power of the stars acting on men.” It was basically a supernatural way of explaining the effects of disease on people at the time. During a particularly nasty outbreak of the flu in Europe during 1743, the term was officially attached to the name of the disease. 96 years later, the term was shortened to just: flu.
The flu, itself, is a whole family of viruses called Orthomyxovirids. They are a diverse family that are commonly found in the guts of birds. The specific type of viruses that infect birds, are called type A flu. It was one of these type A’s that was believed to have infected people a long time ago. Thus giving us, the flu for the first time. Though the virus that initially infected man, has long since evolved into a variety of human specific strains, the initially origin appears to lay squarely among birds. As such, all human flu bugs could, technically, be called: avian flu.
Pathogens and specificity
Pathogens are viewed as being any living organism that is capable of causing a disease. It is a term that is generally reserved for bacteria, fungi and viruses. Pathogens are usually very specific in who, or what, they infect. This has a lot to do with the way in which they are constructed.
Both bacterial and viral outer structure, consist of a receptor binding proteins. These proteins give the pathogen a certain geometry. This geometry allows the pathogen to attach to complementary receptor sites on the cells of the critter that they are trying to infect. Because of the wide variety of life forms on the planet, each cell type has a different arrangement of receptors. Most of the time, the pathogen’s geometry will not fit these receptors, and the critter remains immune. Only those unlucky few species, whose cell receptors do fit, are the ones that have to suffer the infection.
Occasionally, though, a new pathogen comes along that has a geometry that is general enough to allow it to latch onto many different species. These are the pathogens that are often the more deadly.
Influenza is one of these general viruses. It is capable of infecting most bird species. It’s also very good at doing what all life forms do. It evolves. This has allowed it to cross multiple species barriers, and jump from birds, to people, to pigs, cows, and horses. Thus making influenza a very cosmopolitan virus family. This still doesn’t explain all the worry about this recent outbreak of avian flu though. For that, one must go back in time to 1918, and the Spanish flu.
It was the close of World War I, and the world appeared to be returning back to a more peaceful state. Then, in various parts of the globe, people started coming down with a particularly virulent form of the flu. This was a unique case though. Instead of the very young, and elderly dying, it was affecting young men and women instead. Usually these are the most immune to the effects of the flu. By the end of 1918, this form of the flu had killed ~50 million people. It was the largest pandemic (worldwide epidemic) in recorded history. So what happened?
Normally when one gets the flu, it is more of a hassle than anything else. This has a lot to do with the fact that the flu types we normally catch, are viruses that have infected us before. They have changed just enough so that they can infect us again, but they still remain recognizable to our immune system. As such, our bodies can keep the virus in check, and then eventually eliminate it. The 1918 flu, though, was different. It is now largely believed to have been a case where a new flu virus had hopped species. It went from birds to humans, possibly after circulating and hybridizing inside pigs (which can catch both bird and human versions of the flu). This new bug was completely alien to our immune systems and thus, took many completely by surprise.
This is what has many scared about this newest avian flu virus (dubbed: H5N1, for the specific proteins found on it). It has proven to be particularly virulent among birds, and the few cases of it infecting people have many worried that another pandemic is on the rise.
Zoonoses.
Influenza is a type of disease referred to a zoonosis. It means that it can be transmitted from one animal group, to another. Zoonotic diseases used to be further broken up into those that humans catch from other animals (anthropozoonoses) and ones that other animals catch from humans (zooanthroponoses). Unfortunately, both terms have been misused and confused so much, that neither is particularly favored anymore. Now they are all viewed as zoonotic diseases. In the end this makes the most sense, as human beings are animals anyway. To break things up any further, just seems excessive.
The flu is not the only zoonotic disease that humans get from other animals. Our primate cousins have given us quite a few different diseases including: malaria, hepatitis B, Dengue fever and lymphoma. Of course the most infamous of these zoonotic diseases would probably be HIV.
Though there are those that would like to believe that the Human Immunodeficiency Virus was a genetically engineered weapon that was released among the African populace (they give far too much credit to genetic engineers, who are proud enough to make yeast that can fluoresce), the simian origin of HIV is pretty well established. HIV has close ties to the simian version: SIV (Simian Immunodeficiency Virus). The big difference between the two, besides their first letters, is that SIV rarely kills the apes it infects. In fact, many apes are capable of carrying viral loads equivalent to those seen in humans with advanced AIDS, yet rarely show any signs of trouble. This suggests that the host and the pathogen have been doing this for a very long time, and the host’s body has found a way to handle the virus. Humans only recently acquired HIV. As such, our bodies have yet to “learn” how to deal with the threat that this virus poses. Which is one reason why HIV is so very virulent at the moment.
These are just some of the diseases that other animals have given to humans. But what of the reverse? What have we given our animal brethren?
Many of the “classic” diseases that most humans catch, are ones that we are capable of giving to our primate cousins. This includes the flu, measles, chicken pox and tuberculosis.
One particularly nasty disease that we are capable of transmitting is the infamous Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD). FMD rarely affects humans, but it does use us as a carrier for it. The disease can hang out in our nasal passages, throat, and on our clothing. It usually infects various forms of livestock (cattle, pigs, sheep, goats). Symptoms usually include fever and prominent sores on the feet and mouth (hence the name). Most infected animals do survive. Only ~5% die from the disease.
The second disease is far more pernicious, and the victims have us to blame. It is the coral disease referred to as: white pox. This disease can kill up to 10 square centimeters of coral a day (~120ft a year). Over the past decade over 90% of Caribbean reef coral (Acropora palmata), have died. The culprit behind it is the little human gut bacterium: Serratia marcescens. While humans can occasionally fall victim to this bacterium, it usually doesn’t infect us. Instead it lives in our guts and gets expelled in our feces. Improper sewage treatment has resulted in human excrement flowing out into the Caribbean, where the newly released bacterium has infected the local coral.
So remember; the next time you start to feel under the weather, don’t worry about coughing on your dog. Chances are, your canine pal probably won’t get it. Unless, of course, it is the flu.
Everyone seems on edge about the latest outbreak of avian flu. People in China are told to kill their poultry in order to keep the virus from spreading. Meanwhile people in the United States watch on in fear that the avian flu will come to their shores. So what exactly is all the hubbub about? After all, every winter millions of people come down with bird flu.
Origin of Influenza
Influenza, the term, came into use around 1504, though it had little to do with the virus. It came from the word: influence. At the time, influence meant: “the ethereal power of the stars acting on men.” It was basically a supernatural way of explaining the effects of disease on people at the time. During a particularly nasty outbreak of the flu in Europe during 1743, the term was officially attached to the name of the disease. 96 years later, the term was shortened to just: flu.
The flu, itself, is a whole family of viruses called Orthomyxovirids. They are a diverse family that are commonly found in the guts of birds. The specific type of viruses that infect birds, are called type A flu. It was one of these type A’s that was believed to have infected people a long time ago. Thus giving us, the flu for the first time. Though the virus that initially infected man, has long since evolved into a variety of human specific strains, the initially origin appears to lay squarely among birds. As such, all human flu bugs could, technically, be called: avian flu.
Pathogens and specificity
Pathogens are viewed as being any living organism that is capable of causing a disease. It is a term that is generally reserved for bacteria, fungi and viruses. Pathogens are usually very specific in who, or what, they infect. This has a lot to do with the way in which they are constructed.
Both bacterial and viral outer structure, consist of a receptor binding proteins. These proteins give the pathogen a certain geometry. This geometry allows the pathogen to attach to complementary receptor sites on the cells of the critter that they are trying to infect. Because of the wide variety of life forms on the planet, each cell type has a different arrangement of receptors. Most of the time, the pathogen’s geometry will not fit these receptors, and the critter remains immune. Only those unlucky few species, whose cell receptors do fit, are the ones that have to suffer the infection.
Occasionally, though, a new pathogen comes along that has a geometry that is general enough to allow it to latch onto many different species. These are the pathogens that are often the more deadly.
Influenza is one of these general viruses. It is capable of infecting most bird species. It’s also very good at doing what all life forms do. It evolves. This has allowed it to cross multiple species barriers, and jump from birds, to people, to pigs, cows, and horses. Thus making influenza a very cosmopolitan virus family. This still doesn’t explain all the worry about this recent outbreak of avian flu though. For that, one must go back in time to 1918, and the Spanish flu.
It was the close of World War I, and the world appeared to be returning back to a more peaceful state. Then, in various parts of the globe, people started coming down with a particularly virulent form of the flu. This was a unique case though. Instead of the very young, and elderly dying, it was affecting young men and women instead. Usually these are the most immune to the effects of the flu. By the end of 1918, this form of the flu had killed ~50 million people. It was the largest pandemic (worldwide epidemic) in recorded history. So what happened?
Normally when one gets the flu, it is more of a hassle than anything else. This has a lot to do with the fact that the flu types we normally catch, are viruses that have infected us before. They have changed just enough so that they can infect us again, but they still remain recognizable to our immune system. As such, our bodies can keep the virus in check, and then eventually eliminate it. The 1918 flu, though, was different. It is now largely believed to have been a case where a new flu virus had hopped species. It went from birds to humans, possibly after circulating and hybridizing inside pigs (which can catch both bird and human versions of the flu). This new bug was completely alien to our immune systems and thus, took many completely by surprise.
This is what has many scared about this newest avian flu virus (dubbed: H5N1, for the specific proteins found on it). It has proven to be particularly virulent among birds, and the few cases of it infecting people have many worried that another pandemic is on the rise.
Zoonoses.
Influenza is a type of disease referred to a zoonosis. It means that it can be transmitted from one animal group, to another. Zoonotic diseases used to be further broken up into those that humans catch from other animals (anthropozoonoses) and ones that other animals catch from humans (zooanthroponoses). Unfortunately, both terms have been misused and confused so much, that neither is particularly favored anymore. Now they are all viewed as zoonotic diseases. In the end this makes the most sense, as human beings are animals anyway. To break things up any further, just seems excessive.
The flu is not the only zoonotic disease that humans get from other animals. Our primate cousins have given us quite a few different diseases including: malaria, hepatitis B, Dengue fever and lymphoma. Of course the most infamous of these zoonotic diseases would probably be HIV.
Though there are those that would like to believe that the Human Immunodeficiency Virus was a genetically engineered weapon that was released among the African populace (they give far too much credit to genetic engineers, who are proud enough to make yeast that can fluoresce), the simian origin of HIV is pretty well established. HIV has close ties to the simian version: SIV (Simian Immunodeficiency Virus). The big difference between the two, besides their first letters, is that SIV rarely kills the apes it infects. In fact, many apes are capable of carrying viral loads equivalent to those seen in humans with advanced AIDS, yet rarely show any signs of trouble. This suggests that the host and the pathogen have been doing this for a very long time, and the host’s body has found a way to handle the virus. Humans only recently acquired HIV. As such, our bodies have yet to “learn” how to deal with the threat that this virus poses. Which is one reason why HIV is so very virulent at the moment.
These are just some of the diseases that other animals have given to humans. But what of the reverse? What have we given our animal brethren?
Many of the “classic” diseases that most humans catch, are ones that we are capable of giving to our primate cousins. This includes the flu, measles, chicken pox and tuberculosis.
One particularly nasty disease that we are capable of transmitting is the infamous Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD). FMD rarely affects humans, but it does use us as a carrier for it. The disease can hang out in our nasal passages, throat, and on our clothing. It usually infects various forms of livestock (cattle, pigs, sheep, goats). Symptoms usually include fever and prominent sores on the feet and mouth (hence the name). Most infected animals do survive. Only ~5% die from the disease.
The second disease is far more pernicious, and the victims have us to blame. It is the coral disease referred to as: white pox. This disease can kill up to 10 square centimeters of coral a day (~120ft a year). Over the past decade over 90% of Caribbean reef coral (Acropora palmata), have died. The culprit behind it is the little human gut bacterium: Serratia marcescens. While humans can occasionally fall victim to this bacterium, it usually doesn’t infect us. Instead it lives in our guts and gets expelled in our feces. Improper sewage treatment has resulted in human excrement flowing out into the Caribbean, where the newly released bacterium has infected the local coral.
So remember; the next time you start to feel under the weather, don’t worry about coughing on your dog. Chances are, your canine pal probably won’t get it. Unless, of course, it is the flu.
2008年8月11日星期一
Dog Parks - Unleashed Freedom To Romp and Play
Dogs love to be outdoors, but their energy and playfulness are significantly hampered when 'connected' to their owner by a leash. Wouldn't it be wonderful to have a place to take your pooch where they can run free and enjoy playing with other fun-loving dogs?
Enter the Dog Park!
This idea was born because many parks don't allow dogs at all - even on a leash - so finding a safe place for exercise and play was something of a challenge. There may be wilderness trails close by, but is your dog safe to run off leash, assuming the regulations allow this? If your dog doesn't respond 100% to your voice command there's always the possibility that he will get lost or tangle with aggressive animals. Of course you will also encounter people, particularly those with young children, who are afraid of dogs and are frightened by a dog that's running loose.
Okay - sounds like a dog park may be the perfect solution. But what exactly is it? Actually, this isn't a 'dumb question' since it can have different meanings depending on the community's definition.
Sometimes it's simply a park where dogs are allowed, so the users designate it as a 'dog park.' A more sophisticated example is an area within a city or even a neighborhood that has been specifically designed with amenities that make it obvious that dogs are not just allowed, but encouraged to romp and play off leash. Dogs - especially those that were socialized as puppies - will quickly develop new friendships and enjoy having a variety of playmates.
The parks can be any size and may or may not be fenced. If they are privately owned, there may be a fee charged either on a per use or annual basis. Some states have a 'recreational use immunity' ordinance which protects the landowners from liability only if no fee is charged. Check out the regulations posted at your local dog park to see what is applicable.
At least one question has no doubt come to mind - what's the likelihood of dog fights, and how can they be avoided? The reality is that it's just about impossible to prevent an occasional fight. However, if your local dog park has an active user group this risk is significantly reduced. Someone will always be in the park to encourage or demand, if necessary, that an aggressive dog be kept on a leash or removed from the park. Another consideration to minimize the risk is to locate a park where large and small dogs have separate play areas.
It's important to keep an eye on your pooch and recognize when his movements indicate an impending confrontation. Redirecting his attention at exactly the right moment, while staying calm and using trained voice commands, can save the day. Keep a favorite toy or treat handy and call your dog over immediately to distract him with something he enjoys. Caution - don't throw the toy because both dogs may run for it with unpredictable consequences.
One important issue is the proper disposal of feces. Obviously, the concern is the spread of disease. Typically, the dog park's user group will supply pickup bags, trash containers and regular disposal service. Since there is an expense involved and the park is usually manned by volunteers, expect to make a donation or participate in a fundraiser for this purpose.
All visitors to the park should share the responsibility to help keep the park clean, but unfortunately some people may think that someone else is paid to take care of this. Look for signs explaining the proper use of the park, and contact the park owner if none are present. Also, don't be afraid to politely speak up when someone neglects to clean up after their dog. They may have just missed the 'event' or they're new at this and simply don't know how to properly use the bags. Tactful education and peer pressure works in almost all situations.
Most user groups have special event days devoted to sprucing up the park and generating a community spirit among the users. This is a great opportunity to show your support and to thank the owners and volunteers with your participation.
So - are dog parks just for dogs? The reality is that they're more a social and recreational outlet for their owners. It gives people pleasure to watch their pooch at play while giving them the opportunity to exercise with their dog without the constraints of a leash. Since the dogs are the common denominator, no one is left out from enjoying the activities, even if just watching the dogs play together gives them pleasure. It's a terrific opportunity to meet and socialize with others who are true dog lovers. Who knows - you may find just the companion you've been seeking. And we're not talking dogs!
Enter the Dog Park!
This idea was born because many parks don't allow dogs at all - even on a leash - so finding a safe place for exercise and play was something of a challenge. There may be wilderness trails close by, but is your dog safe to run off leash, assuming the regulations allow this? If your dog doesn't respond 100% to your voice command there's always the possibility that he will get lost or tangle with aggressive animals. Of course you will also encounter people, particularly those with young children, who are afraid of dogs and are frightened by a dog that's running loose.
Okay - sounds like a dog park may be the perfect solution. But what exactly is it? Actually, this isn't a 'dumb question' since it can have different meanings depending on the community's definition.
Sometimes it's simply a park where dogs are allowed, so the users designate it as a 'dog park.' A more sophisticated example is an area within a city or even a neighborhood that has been specifically designed with amenities that make it obvious that dogs are not just allowed, but encouraged to romp and play off leash. Dogs - especially those that were socialized as puppies - will quickly develop new friendships and enjoy having a variety of playmates.
The parks can be any size and may or may not be fenced. If they are privately owned, there may be a fee charged either on a per use or annual basis. Some states have a 'recreational use immunity' ordinance which protects the landowners from liability only if no fee is charged. Check out the regulations posted at your local dog park to see what is applicable.
At least one question has no doubt come to mind - what's the likelihood of dog fights, and how can they be avoided? The reality is that it's just about impossible to prevent an occasional fight. However, if your local dog park has an active user group this risk is significantly reduced. Someone will always be in the park to encourage or demand, if necessary, that an aggressive dog be kept on a leash or removed from the park. Another consideration to minimize the risk is to locate a park where large and small dogs have separate play areas.
It's important to keep an eye on your pooch and recognize when his movements indicate an impending confrontation. Redirecting his attention at exactly the right moment, while staying calm and using trained voice commands, can save the day. Keep a favorite toy or treat handy and call your dog over immediately to distract him with something he enjoys. Caution - don't throw the toy because both dogs may run for it with unpredictable consequences.
One important issue is the proper disposal of feces. Obviously, the concern is the spread of disease. Typically, the dog park's user group will supply pickup bags, trash containers and regular disposal service. Since there is an expense involved and the park is usually manned by volunteers, expect to make a donation or participate in a fundraiser for this purpose.
All visitors to the park should share the responsibility to help keep the park clean, but unfortunately some people may think that someone else is paid to take care of this. Look for signs explaining the proper use of the park, and contact the park owner if none are present. Also, don't be afraid to politely speak up when someone neglects to clean up after their dog. They may have just missed the 'event' or they're new at this and simply don't know how to properly use the bags. Tactful education and peer pressure works in almost all situations.
Most user groups have special event days devoted to sprucing up the park and generating a community spirit among the users. This is a great opportunity to show your support and to thank the owners and volunteers with your participation.
So - are dog parks just for dogs? The reality is that they're more a social and recreational outlet for their owners. It gives people pleasure to watch their pooch at play while giving them the opportunity to exercise with their dog without the constraints of a leash. Since the dogs are the common denominator, no one is left out from enjoying the activities, even if just watching the dogs play together gives them pleasure. It's a terrific opportunity to meet and socialize with others who are true dog lovers. Who knows - you may find just the companion you've been seeking. And we're not talking dogs!
2008年8月7日星期四
How To Deal With Arthritis In Your Dog
Arthritis is a health problem that not only humans have to deal with, but so do our pets. In fact, one-fifth of dogs in the US, over the age of seven, suffer with painful DJD (degenerative joint disease) as veterinarians like to say. It is also one of the top recurring pains in dogs that they treat. Arthritis in dogs can affect their back, elbows, shoulders, hip and neck.
If you are not sure if your dog has arthritis, here are a few of the more obvious signs:
Does he tend to favor once side over another (His joints could be too painful on one side, so he will tend to put more pressure on the other to avoid pain. He may even show discomfort while standing or even sitting on a particular side)
Unusual weight gain (Because of the painful joints, he may tend to be more lethargic or even sleep more not getting the exercise a healthy dog would generally get)
Not as active (If you have noticed he is not as playful or unusually hesitant in his movements. This is due to stiff joints)
If you have noticed your dog with any one of the above symptoms for more than a week, do not hesitate to take him to a veterinarian. This way he can be properly diagnosed and treated.
There are home remedies that you might even want to try to ease his pain.
Diet
Your dog's diet is one area that you might want to look into. Dry dog food is made up mostly of grains which cause inflammation of the joints. A better choice would be to try preparing his meals with raw or cooked meat as well as cooked vegetables. They are not only healthier for him but should help alleviate some of the swelling in his joints. (Stay away from anything spicy such as peppers and even onions). Omega 3 fatty acids can be used as a supplement in order to decrease the amount of inflammation in the joints. Try giving him fish capsules. Flax seed is also a great anti-inflammatory.
Exercise
Even thought your dog may be in pain, it is still important that he gets a short amount of exercise. If he is not skittish to water, try having him swim. For smaller dogs, a kiddy pool would work great. This way, there is no pressure on the joints, yet he is still being mobile. Also take him for short 15 minute walks. Do not expect too much from him such as running after a ball or jumping.
Warm and Comfortable rest area
Provide a soft, comfortable area for your dog to rest. In the winter time, when the cool air can stiffen joints, try placing an old sleeping bag or pillow on the floor to help keep his joints warm. If your dog is an outside dog, you may want to bring him into the garage at night, to avoid the temperature drops.
These are just a few ways that we can help make our pets lives more comfortable. Although, visiting a veterinarian should also be considered. Your veterinarian will probably take an x-ray to see the damage to the joints. With the rising amount of animals that are developing arthritis, there are medications that have been developed to alleviate and even help repair the joints.
A popular medication for dogs in alleviating pain is glucosamine. It is a sugar that is generated from shell fish that motivates joint repair and lessens joint pain. Glucosamine is a natural ingredient that is found in animals, but with age, the body has a decrease in production of this essential element. Glucosamine works by stimulating your body to produce Synovial fluid. Synovial fluid is needed for healthy joints. It lubricates the cartilage to aid in mobility.
Never take matters into your own hands by giving your dog human medications. They can be toxic to his body, especially if given in the wrong dosage form.
Animal care has come a long way in meeting the needs of our canines. Taking your dog to regular check ups at a veterinarian is one way to keep up with your dog's health needs. If we want our animals to have happy and healthy lives, taking care of their bodies is important. They cannot do it without us.
If you are not sure if your dog has arthritis, here are a few of the more obvious signs:
Does he tend to favor once side over another (His joints could be too painful on one side, so he will tend to put more pressure on the other to avoid pain. He may even show discomfort while standing or even sitting on a particular side)
Unusual weight gain (Because of the painful joints, he may tend to be more lethargic or even sleep more not getting the exercise a healthy dog would generally get)
Not as active (If you have noticed he is not as playful or unusually hesitant in his movements. This is due to stiff joints)
If you have noticed your dog with any one of the above symptoms for more than a week, do not hesitate to take him to a veterinarian. This way he can be properly diagnosed and treated.
There are home remedies that you might even want to try to ease his pain.
Diet
Your dog's diet is one area that you might want to look into. Dry dog food is made up mostly of grains which cause inflammation of the joints. A better choice would be to try preparing his meals with raw or cooked meat as well as cooked vegetables. They are not only healthier for him but should help alleviate some of the swelling in his joints. (Stay away from anything spicy such as peppers and even onions). Omega 3 fatty acids can be used as a supplement in order to decrease the amount of inflammation in the joints. Try giving him fish capsules. Flax seed is also a great anti-inflammatory.
Exercise
Even thought your dog may be in pain, it is still important that he gets a short amount of exercise. If he is not skittish to water, try having him swim. For smaller dogs, a kiddy pool would work great. This way, there is no pressure on the joints, yet he is still being mobile. Also take him for short 15 minute walks. Do not expect too much from him such as running after a ball or jumping.
Warm and Comfortable rest area
Provide a soft, comfortable area for your dog to rest. In the winter time, when the cool air can stiffen joints, try placing an old sleeping bag or pillow on the floor to help keep his joints warm. If your dog is an outside dog, you may want to bring him into the garage at night, to avoid the temperature drops.
These are just a few ways that we can help make our pets lives more comfortable. Although, visiting a veterinarian should also be considered. Your veterinarian will probably take an x-ray to see the damage to the joints. With the rising amount of animals that are developing arthritis, there are medications that have been developed to alleviate and even help repair the joints.
A popular medication for dogs in alleviating pain is glucosamine. It is a sugar that is generated from shell fish that motivates joint repair and lessens joint pain. Glucosamine is a natural ingredient that is found in animals, but with age, the body has a decrease in production of this essential element. Glucosamine works by stimulating your body to produce Synovial fluid. Synovial fluid is needed for healthy joints. It lubricates the cartilage to aid in mobility.
Never take matters into your own hands by giving your dog human medications. They can be toxic to his body, especially if given in the wrong dosage form.
Animal care has come a long way in meeting the needs of our canines. Taking your dog to regular check ups at a veterinarian is one way to keep up with your dog's health needs. If we want our animals to have happy and healthy lives, taking care of their bodies is important. They cannot do it without us.
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